INNOVATION, August 12, 1996 (Çѱ¹½Ã°£ 8¿ù 13ÀÏ)
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¾Õ¼­°¡´Â Áö½Ä°ú Á¤º¸¸¦ ªÀº ½Ã°£¿¡ ! Innovation -- A NewsScan Service
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Harvard Business Review, Sloan Management Review, Fourtune, Forbes, Business Week, Wall Street Journal, Washington Post , Times, Financial Report, Science µîÀÇ À¯¸í ÇмúÁö¿Í Àú³Î, ½Å¹®À» ¿ä¾àÇÏ¿© ÃÖ½ÅÀÇ °æ¿µÀü·«°ú ±â¼úÇõ½Å, Ãß¼¼¸¦ ¸ÅÁÖ Á¦°ø Çϰí ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
Á¦°ø: John Gehl & Suzanne Douglas ( ¹ø¿ª ¼ÛÇÑ½Ä hssong@seunghak.donga.ac.kr)
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Innovation ³»¿ë °Ë»öÀÌ ¾Æ·¡ Web ¼­ºñ½º¿¡¼­ °¡´ÉÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
< http://www.newsscan.com/archives/ >.
Ãß¼¼(TRENDS)
E-MailÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ °æ¿µ(E-Mail Is Forever)
Àü¹®Àο¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÒ½Å(Falling Respect For Professionalism)
°¡Ä¡ÀÖ´Â ÀÏ(An Increasing Demand For Meaningful Work)
±ºÀεµ »çÀ̹ö°ø°£¿¡¼­ ÈÆ·Ã(GI Joe Tackles Cyberspace)
Àü·«(STRATEGIES)
¼Óµµ¿¡ ¸Â´Â ±â¾î¸¦ ³ÖÀº ÈÄ¿¡ ¿¢¼¿À» ¹â´Â °ÍÀÌ °æ¿µ!
(Management: Pick A Gear And Then Step On The Gas)
¿ÜÁÖ´Â ´É·üÀ» ¸ÕÀú °í·ÁÇÒ °Í(Outsourcing? Look At Performance, Not Stereotypes)
ÀÏÇÏ´Â °øµ¿Ã¼¸¦ Ȱ¼ºÈ­ ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý(How To Encourage Communities Of Practice)
Àü¹®°¡ ½Ã½ºÅÛ: ĵ ¼ÓÀÇ ÀÚ¹®°¡(Consultant In A Can)
Çõ½Å(INNOVATIONS)
ÀÚµ¿ ÀÀ´ä ÇÁ·Î±×·¥(Caller ID Online)
ºñµð¿À °ÔÀÓÀ» ÅëÇÑ Âü¼±(Zen And The Art Of Videogaming)
ÀÚµ¿ ¼öÈ® ·Îº¿(Demeter Puts Harvesting On Autopilot)
3Â÷¿ø µð½ºÇ÷¹ÀÌ ÀüÈ­¹øÈ£ºÎ(New Dimensions In Yellow Pages)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>TRENDS
E-MAIL IS FOREVER
"1984³â"À̶ó´Â ÁÒÁö ¿ÀÀ£ÀÇ ¼Ò¼³Àº Àΰ£ÀÇ »ý°¢°ú »ç»ýȰÀÌ Ã¶ÀúÈ÷ °¨½ÃµÇ´Â ¹Ì·¡»çȸ¸¦ ¿¹ÃøÇß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª "Or well's Revenge(¿ÀÀ£ÀÇ º¹¼ö)"¶ó´Â ¼Ò¼³À» ¾´ Peter Huber(º¯È£»ç)´Â emailÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ °æ¿µÀÌ »ç»ýȰ°ú ºñ¹ÐÀ» ´õ Àß ÁöÄÑÁÖ °í ÀÖ´Ù°í ¸»Çß´Ù. ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ¿¡¼­´Â ÇÑ ¹ø º¸°í´Â ÈçÀûµµ ¾øÀÌ Áö¿ö¹ö¸± ¼ö ÀÖ°í, Á¾ÀÌ ¹®¼­º¸´Ù ÀüÀÚ ÆÄÀÏÀº ¾ÏÈ£·Î ´õ Àß Àᱸ¾î ³õÀ» ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®. °æ¿µ¿¡¼­µµ emailÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ¿Ïº®ÇÑ Ã¥ÀÓ ¼ÒÀ縦 µûÁö´Â °ÍÀ» °í¾ÈµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ÁßÀÌ´Ù.
The Washington attorney Peter Huber, whose books include the novel "Orwell's Revenge," says that the trend to ward management by e-mail has a quite un-Orwellian effect: Instead of creating a Big Brother-type invasion of privacy, privacy is actually protected, since the computer's absence of memory gaps amounts to almost-perfect protection against the snoop, and "electronic files can be locked up far more securely than paper ones." The trend also works to create perfect accountability: "How many scribbled notes did you write last year, and what did they say? ... You probably couldn't begin to guess... But if your office uses computers at all seriously, your e-mail records are immacula te, even if you wish they
weren't." (Peter Huber, "The Computer Doesn't Forget," Forbes 12 Aug 96 p144)

FALLING RESPECT FOR PROFESSIONALISM
¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­´Â °íµî±³À°¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÒ¸¸ÀÌ ±Ø¿¡ ´ÞÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. Àϸ®³ëÀÌ ´ëÇÐÀÇ Michael Berube ±³¼ö´Â 1990³â´ë¿¡ ÀϹÝÀεéÀÌ °®´Â ' Àû´ë°¨°ú ÀǵµÀû ¹Ý°¨, °ø°ø¿¬ÇÑ ºÒÄè°¨'À¸·Î Çаè»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¸Ûµé°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. "Çаè´Â Á¤Ä¡ÀûÀ¸·Î °øÁ¤ÇÏ´Ù "°í ÀÎÁ¤µÇ´Â °Í¿¡¼­ ÀÏ¹Ý ¿©·ÐÀÇ ºÐ³ë°¡ »ý°Ü³ª°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, °íµî±³À°¿¡ ÅõÀڵǴ ºñ¿ë¿¡ ºñÇØ¼­ ±× ¼öÀÍ ¼º°ú°¡ ¹ÌÄ¡Áö ¸ø ÇÑ´Ù´Â µ¥¼­ Áß»êÃþ¿¡¼­ ºÐ³ë°¡ »ý°Ü³ª°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ (ºÒ¾ÈÁ¤ÇÑ) Á÷Àå¿¡ ºñÇØ¼­ ´ëÇÐÀÇ Æ¼´º¾î Á¦µµ(Á¾½Å ±³¼ö Á¦µµ)°¡ ÀÌÁúÀûÀ̶ó´Â µ¥¼­ ºÐ³ë°¡ Àϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ´õ¿í µÎ´õ·¯Áö´Â °ÍÀº Àü¹®°¡ Á¤½Å¿¡ ±Ø´ÜÀûÀÎ ¾ç¸é¼º Ãß¼¼ÀÌ´Ù. 'Á¾½Å ´ëÇб³¼ö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºÒ½ÅÀÌ »ý°Ü³ª´Â ¹®È­ÀûÀΠdzÅä°¡ Àü¹® Á¤Ä¡°¡, ¹ý·ü°¡, ¾ð·ÐÀο¡ ´ëÇØ¼­µµ ºÒ½ÅÀ» ³º°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, À̵é Àü¹®°¡µé Àº ÀºÆóµÈ Á¶Á÷ÀÇ ¿¬°á¸Á, ¾Ë ¼ö ¾øÀÌ È¾¼³ ¼ö¼³ÇÏ´Â ±â¼úÀû ¿ë¾î(jargon)·Î ÀÚ½ÅÀ» ¼û±â°í¼­, »Ë³»¸ç ¹èŸÀûÀ̰í À̱âÀûÀÌ¸ç µ· À» ±Ü¾î¸ðÀ¸´Â Á÷¾÷ÀûÀÎ ²ÛÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Michael Berube at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign thinks that criticism of American higher education has reached a fever pitch, leaving academicians stunned by "the hostility, tendentiousness, and outright weirdness of some of the questions put to us in the first half of the 1990s." Part of the public's resentment comes from what i t takes to be
academia's "political correctness"; another part is rooted in middle-class concerns that money spent on high er education may no longer "pay off" in social mobility terms; another cause of resentment is the idea of ten ure, which is foreign to most American workers. But the larger trend is a kind of violent ambivalence about professiona lism in general: "The same cultural
climate that breeds distrust of tenured faculty as professionals also breeds distrust of professional politicians, lawy ers, and journalists" -- professionals who "shroud themselves behind mysterious organizational affiliations an d incomprehensible technical jargon" and are "arrogant, exclusive, self-serving, money-grubbing careerists. " (Michael Berube, "Public Perceptions Of Universities And Faculty," Academe Jul/Aug 96 p10)

AN INCREASING DEMAND FOR MEANINGFUL WORK
°æ¿µÃ¶ÇÐÀÚ·Î ºÒ¸®¿ì´Â ÇÇÅÍ µå·¯Ä¿´Â ½ÅÈﱳȸ°¡ ½ÅµµµéÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀçÁÖ¸¦ ¹ßÈÖÇÏ¿© ³²¿¡°Ô °øÇåÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °÷À¸·Î °­Á¶Çϰí ÀÖ ´Ù. ½À°üÀ̳ª °¡¹®ÀÇ ÀüÅë¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ´Ù´Ï´ø °ú°Å¿Í´Â ´Þ¸® '±³È¸¿¡ °¡´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸¶À½ÀÇ °á½É¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ÇൿÀ̸ç, ±×·¡¼­ ´õ¿í Àǹ̰¡ ÀÖ´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº °øµ¿Ã¼¿¡ ¼Ò¼ÓµÇ±â¸¦ ¹Ù¶ó¸ç Á¤½ÅÀûÀÎ ÀÚ±âÈ®ÀÎÀ» ¿øÇϸç, Ã¥ÀÓÁ® ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀ» ¹Ù¶õ´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ °øÇåÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ´À³¢°í ½Í¾îÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.'
Management philosopher Peter Drucker speaks approvingly of the new pastoral churches as a vehicle for a way to use chur chgoers' talents. Whereas past generations tended to go to church out of heritage, habit, or social status, "now i t is an act of commitment, and therefore meaningful. It is no longer an act of conformity, and therefore meaningless. People need community, yes, and they need a spiritual identity, yes, but they also need responsibility. They need the f eeling that they contribute." Writer Charles Trueheart suggests that the increasing trend toward "mega-church es" is made possible by the genius of church managers in developing a small-group system (echoing the large Chicago bank that advertised itself as
"the big bank with the little bank inside"). The genius manifests itself in the ability to identify the "gifts" of people in order to fit them into various church ministries -- including even such gifts as the car- repair ministry, which helps needy people fix their cars. "What brings people to their gift of service is a desire to do something that -- perhaps unlike
their day job, perhaps unlike their evenings -- matters." Question: Would it be all that difficult to give them s omething meaningful to do in their day job? (Charles Trueheart, "Welcome To The Next Church," Atlantic Month ly Aug 96 p37)

GI JOE TACKLES CYBERSPACE
±º¿¡¼­´Â ¼ö³â°£ ÅÊÅ© Á¶Á¤À̳ª Ç︮ÄßÅÍ Á¶Á¤À» ½Ã¹Ä·¹ÀÌÅ͸¦ ÅëÇØ¼­ ÈÆ·ÃÀ» ÇØ ¿Ô´Ù. ÃÖ±Ù¿¡´Â ¼ÒÀ½°ú Áøµ¿À¸·Î ÀüÅõ»óȲÀ» °¡»óÀûÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé¾î ³õ°í ÀÏ¹Ý º¸º´ ±ºÀο¡°Ôµµ ÈÆ·ÃÀ» ½Ã۰í ÀÖ´Ù. ¿©±â¼­´Â »ý¸íÀÇ À§Çùµµ ¾ø°í ºñ¿ëµµ ÈξÀ ½Î´Ù. Ç÷θ®´Ù ¿Ã¶õµµ¿¡¼­ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÈÆ·ÃÀ» ¸Ã°í ÀÖ´Â ÇÑ Àå±³´Â 'Áö±Ý±îÁö ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °¡»ó ÀüÅõÇü½ÇÀ» ²Ù¹Ì´Âµ¥ ºñ¿ëÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ µé¾î¼­ º¸º´ÈÆ·ÃÀº Á¦ ¿ÜÇØ ¿ÔÁö¸¸ ÀÌÁ¦´Â ¹ß´ÞÇÑ ±â¼ú·Î ºñ¿ëº¸´Ù´Â È¿°ú°¡ ÃæºÐÈ÷ ³ô¾ÆÁ³´Ù.' °í Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. °¡»óÇö½Ç Çï¸äÀ» ¾²¸é ÀüÅõ Àå¸éÀÌ ´«¿¡ ºñÄ¡°í, ¾ð´ö±æÀ» ¿À¸£³»¸®´Â °Í°ú ²À°°Àº ´À³¦ÀÌ µéµµ·Ï ¹Ì¸® ¼³°èµÈ Áö¿ª¿¡¼­ '°È±â ÈÆ·Ã'À» ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÈÆ·Ãº´ÀÌ ÈÞ´ëÇÑ ÃÑÀ» ½î¸é Á¡¼ö·Î °è»êµÈ´Ù. °¡»óÇö½Ç¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÈÆ·ÃÀº µÎ°¡Áö Á¡¿¡¼­ °¢±¤À» ¹Þ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Çϳª´Â ½ÇÁ¦ÈƷÿ¡ µå´Â ³ôÀº ºñ¿ë(±ºÀÎÇÑ ¸íÀÌ Çѽð£ ÈÆ·ÃÀ» ÇÏ´Â µ¥ $100)°ú, ½ÇÁ¦ ÈÆ·Ã¿¡ ÅõÀÔÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °³¹ßÁßÀÎ ½Åº´±â¸¦ ½ÇÇèÇØ º¼ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. Á¶Áö¾ÆÀÇ Fo rt BenningÀÇ ÇÑ °¡»ó ÈÆ·Ã Ã¥ÀÓÀÚ´Â 'ÈÆ·ÃÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ´Ù¸¥ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¸¶·ÃÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é, 2000³â´ë¿¡´Â ½ÇÁ¦ ÇöÁö ÈÆ·ÃÀ» ½Ç ½ÃÇϴµ¥ ¾öû³­ ºñ¿ëÀÌ µé°ÍÀÌ´Ù.'¶ó°í Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¾î¶² »ç¶÷Àº °¡»óÇö½Ç¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ÈÆ·ÃÀÌ ½ÇÁ¦ Çö½Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ´ëºñ¸¦ ÃæºÐ È÷ ÇØÁÖÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù°í Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. "ÅÊÅ© ¿îÀüÀº °¡»ó Çö½ÇÈ­°¡ ½±½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ½ÇÁ¦ ±ºÀΰú À̾߱âÇØº¸¸é, °È°í ±â°í ÁöÇü ¿¡ ´ëóÇÏ´Â ½ÇÁ¦Çö½ÇÀ» °¡»óÀ¸·Î ±¸ÃàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¸Å¿ì ¾î·Á¿î ÀÏÀÔ´Ï´Ù."°í ½Ã¹Ä·¹ÀÌ¼Ç °³¹ßÀÚ´Â ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
While the Army for years has been training specialists such as tank commanders and helicopter pilots on simulators, it is now experimenting with computer simulation training for common foot soldiers, giving them a virtual view of the confu sion, noise and shock of battle without the cost and danger of live-fire exercises. "For a long time, the dismount ed infantryman was left out of the virtual battlefield because of the cost of creating a simulated environment," sa ys the officer who oversees such training in Orlando, Fla. Today, "technological advances have made it cost-effect ive to develop this technology." The trainee dons a virtual reality helmet, in which tiny screens display images o f a battlefield. The user "walks" the designated area using a stair stepper-type device, which adjusts automa tically for up- and down-hill hiking. The user carries a gun to use at any target that pops up, and the bullet's impact is shown as a hit is scored. The move toward virtual training is sparked by two trends - higher costs for live artille ry training ($100 an hour per soldier) and a new
generation of small arms under development, for which the Army may not be able to afford conventional training. " If we don't plan alternative methods of training, our field equipment will be too expensive to operate in the year 2000, " says the chief of simulation training at Fort Benning, Ga. Still, some skeptics say the virtual experience can ne ver prepare someone
for the real thing. "It's easy to simulate driving tanks and Bradley armored carriers. But when you're talking a bout the individual soldier, who has to walk, crawl and interact with the terrain, that's a pretty tough challenge, " says one simulator developer. (Washington Post 7 Aug 96 F1)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>STRATEGIES
MANAGEMENT: PICK A GEAR AND THEN STEP ON THE GAS
°æ¿µÀÚµéÀº ½Å±â¼úÀ» Àû¿ëÇÏ´Â µ¥´Â ÇϳªÀÇ ÃÖ¼±ÀÇ ¼±ÅÃÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °íÁ¤ °ü³ä¿¡¼­ ¹þ¾î³ª¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÏ¹Ùµå ´ëÇÐ ±³¼öÀÎ John Svi okla´Â °­Á¶Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ²À°°Àº °á½ÇÀº ¾ò´Â µ¥´Â ÀÌ·ÐÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ¿©·¯ °¡Áö ¹æ¹ýÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. '°æ¿µÀÚÀÇ ÀÓ¹«´Â ¼±ÅÃÀÇ °áÁ¤À» ´Ù¾çÇÏ °Ô »ý°¢Çϰí' ±× ½Ã±â¿Í Àå¼Ò¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÑ ¹æ¹ýÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³ª¾Æ°¡¼­ °æ¿µÀÚ´Â °¢°¢ÀÇ ¼±Åà ´ë¾È¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ ¿©·¯ Ãø¸é(dimen sion)¿¡¼­ »ìÆìº¸°í, ¸ñÀûÇÏ´Â ¹Ù¸¦ ´Þ¼ºÇÏ´Â °Í¸¸ »ó»óÇÒ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ´©°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö, ¾ß±âµÇ´Â »óȲ, ±× °èȹÀ» ¾î ¶»°Ô ½ÇõÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö µîÀ» µûÁ®º¸¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. "¼º°øÀûÀÎ °æ¿µÀÚÀϼö·Ï, ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ º¹À⼺À» Àß °¨ÁöÇÏ°í »ç¶÷°ú ÀÚ¿øÀ» ÀûÀý ÇÏ°Ô ±¸¼ºÇÑ´Ù."°í Sviokla ±³¼ö´Â ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ¼±ÅÃÀÇ °áÁ¤Àº »ç¶÷°ú ÀÚ¿øÀÇ ¹®Á¦ ÀÌ»óÀÌ´Ù. º¸Åë, ½Ã±â¸¦ Á¤ÇÏ´Â °Í(timing) ÀÌ °áÁ¤ÀÇ ÀüºÎ°¡ µÈ´Ù. ¿Ö³ÄÇϸé 'Á¶Á÷ Àü¹Ý¿¡ °ÉÃļ­ ±ÞÁøÀûÀÎ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ¼±ÅÃÀ» ½ÇõÇÏ·Á°í ÇÒ ¶§¿¡´Â ÃßÁø·ÂÀÌ ´õ¿í Áß ¿äÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÈÆ·Ã°ú ºÎºÐÀûÀÎ °æ¿µ Áö¿øÀº ±× »ý¸íÀÌ ½Ã°£ÀÌ °¥¼ö·Ï ¹Ý°¨Çϸç, »õ·Î¿î µµ±¸(tool)Àº ±× ½Å¼±ÇÑ È¿°ú°¡ °ð »ç¶óÁö±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.' ±×·¯¹Ç·Î Çö½ÇÀ» ±×´ë·Î ³¬¾ÆÃ¤¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ´ç½ÅÀÇ Ä§ÅõÀü·«À» ½ÃÀÛÇ϶ó. ±×°ÍÀ» ÈÛ¾µ µíÀÌ ÈûÀÖ°Ô ÃßÁøÇ϶ó.
Harvard Business School professor John Sviokla says that managers need to get over the idea that there is one best way to implement a new technology. Very different processes may theoretically have equivalent outcomes, and the manager's jo b is "to think broadly about options" and choose the option that makes the most sense at such-and-such a time and such-and-such a place. Furthermore, a manager needs to look at each option in all its dimensions, visualizing not ju st what is to be done but who could do it, what might be expected, and how that plan could be implemented. "The mo re successful managers," says Sviokla, "seemed better at sensing these complexities and assembling the right c onstellation of people and resources." And yet it's more than a question of people and resources. As usual, timin g is everything, because "in implementations with radical organizational implications, the issue of momentum takes on even more significance because training and local management support has a half-life, and the novelty of a new tool s oon wanes." So get on with it. Start your invasion. And make it swift and massive. (John J. Sviokla, "Know ledge Workers And Radically New Technology," Sloan Management Review Summer 1996 p25)

OUTSOURCING? LOOK AT PERFORMANCE, NOT STEREOTYPES
Á¤º¸½Ã½ºÅÛ°ú ¼­ºñ½º¿¡ ´ëÇØ¼­ Áö±Ý±îÁöÀÇ ÁöÇý´Â Á¤º¸½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ »óǰȭµÇ±â ½¬¿î °ÍÀº ¿ÜÁÖ¸¦ ÁÖ°í Á¶Á÷ÀÇ 'Àü·«'¿¡ °ü°èµÇ´Â °ÍÀº º¸À¯Ç϶ó´Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¸»ÀÇ ÁöÇý´Â ¶§¶§·Î ¸»¿¡ ±×Ä¡´Â ¼ö°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦ ¹®Á¦´Â ¾î¶² Ȱµ¿ÀÌ 'Àü·«'ÀÌ³Ä ¾Æ´Ï³ÄÇÏ ´Â ³í¶õÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó(¿ÜÁÖ¸¦ ÁÖ±âÀ§Çؼ­) ´©°¡ ±×°ÍÀ» Àß ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´À³Ä ÇÏ´Â ÆÇ´ÜÀÌ´Ù. "¸¹Àº ±â¾÷µéÀº Á¤º¸±â¼úÀÇ Àü·«Àû Àá Àç·ÂÀ» ±ú´Ý±â À§ÇÑ ¼ö´ÜÀ¸·Î '¿ÜÁÖ'¸¦ °£ÁÖÇϰí ÀÖ°í, ±â¾÷ ³»ºÎÀÇ Á¤º¸±â¼ú ºÎ¼­¿¡¼­ ±¸Ã¼È­ÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´ø °ÍÀ¸·Î °£ÁÖÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ ÇÑ °íÁ¤µÈ »ç°í¹æ½ÄÀº À߸øµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. 'Àü·«' ÀÌ´Ï 'ÅëÁ¦'ÇÏ´Â ½ÄÀÇ »ý°¢¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÑ ÀÇ»ç°áÁ¤Àº À߸øÀÌ´Ù. ½ÇÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´É·Â, âÀǼº, ±×¸®°í ½ÇÁ¦ ´É·ü¿¡ µû¶ó ¿ÜÁÖ¸¦ ÁÙ°ÍÀΰ¡ ³»ºÎ¿¡¼­ Á÷Á¢ ó¸® ÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡¸¦ ÆÇ´ÜÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
With regard to information systems and services, the conventional wisdom is that organizations should consider outsourc ing those activities that are akin to commodities but should always retain those that are "strategic" to the o rganization. But words of wisdom are sometimes just words -- and the real question is not whether an activity is " strategic" but who can do it best -- for "in many companies, outsourcing often regarded as the means by
which companies can realize the strategic potential of information technology, something they have been unable to reali ze through in-house information technology departments." Any stereotyped thinking is a mistake, and it's a mistake to make decisions based on such labels as "strategic" or "control" rather than on facts of competen ce, creativity, and actual performance. (Vijay Gurbaxani, "Technology Outsourcing," Communications of the ACM Jul 1996 p45)

HOW TO ENCOURAGE COMMUNITIES OF PRACTICE
àÉ(¼±) ¼öÇàÀÚµé ó·³, °æ¿µÀÚµéÀº ³Ê¹« ¿­½É¿¡ ºüÁöÁö ¾Ê¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¹è¿ö¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. Á¶Á÷¿¡¼­ »õ·Î¿î °ÍÀ» °í¾ÈÇØ³»´Â ¹è ¿ò ´É·ÂÀº ±â¾÷ÀÇ Á¶Á÷µµ¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ªÁö ¾Ê´Â ±×·ì¿¡¼­ ³ªÅ¸³­´Ù. ½ÃÇÑÀÌ Á¤ÇØÁ® ÀÖÁö ¾Ê°í Ã¥ÀÓ¼ÒÀçµµ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, °úÁ¦µµ ¸í½ÃµÇÁö ¾Ê Àºµ¥¼­ »ý°Ü³­´Ù. ÀÚ»ýÀûÀ̰í, ºñ°ø½ÄÀûÀ̸ç, ÆòµîÇÏ°Ô ½ÇÁ¦ ÀÏÀ» °°ÀÌÇϸ鼭 ÀÚ¹ßÀûÀ¸·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁø '½ÇÁ¦ °øµ¿Ã¼' ¿¡¼­ °í¾ÈÇÏ´Â ´É·ÂÀÌ »ý°Ü³­´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ½ÇÁ¦ °øµ¿Ã¼¸¦ Á¶Á÷¿¡¼­ °ø½ÄÈ­ÇÏ·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù¸é ±× '±×·ìÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀ» µ¶·ÁÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ü·áÀûÀΠȸÀÇ'¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î¼­ ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿©°ÇÀ» Á¶¼ºÇØ ÁÜÀ¸·Î¼­ »õ·Î¿î ½ÇÁ¦ °øµ¿Ã¼°¡ °è¼Ó ¸¸µé¾î Áú ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇÔÀ¸·Î¼­ Ç®¸®Áö ¾Ê´Â ¹®Á¦ ¿¡ µµÀüÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ¿© ±×·¯ÇÑ ±×·ìµéÀ» Á¶Á÷¿¡ ´õ¿í À¯¿ëÇÏ°Ô ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Á¶Á÷ÀÇ °¢±â ´Ù¸¥ ºÎ¼­¿¡¼­ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ºÒ·¯¸ð¾Æ¼­ ±×·¸°Ô ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Á¶Á÷ ÀÚ¹®°¡(ÀηùÇÐÀÚ¿´À½)°¡ ¹ß°ßÇÑ ¾î¶² ÇÑ °æ¿ì´Â, '°°Àº ¾÷¹«Ã³¸®°úÁ¤¿¡ °ü·ÃµÈ ¿©·¯ºÎ¼­ÀÇ »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÇÑ ¹øµµ ºñ°ø½ÄÀûÀÎ ÀÇ»ç¼ÒÅëÀ» ÇØº» ÀûÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸ç, µû¶ó¼­ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀ̳ª Çʿ並 ÀÌÇØÇÏÁö ¸øÇϰí, °°ÀÌ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÇØ°áÇÏÁöµµ ¸øÇÏ¿´´Ù.' ±×·¯³ª ÀÛ¾÷ÀÚµéÀÌ Çѹ濡 ¸ð¿©¼­ ¿©·¯ °¡Áö °ú¾÷¿¡ µû¶ó ºñ°ø½ÄÀûÀÎ ±×·ìÀÌ Çü¼ºµÇ°í, ºóÆ´¾ø´Â ½ÇÇà °øµ¿Ã¼°¡ ¸¸ µé¾îÁ®¼­ ¹®Á¦ÇذáÀÇ ¾ÆÀ̵ð¾î âÃâÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å³ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
Like Zen archers, managers need to learn not to try too hard. Much of an organization's ability to learn comes from gr oups that have no box on an organization chart, no agenda, deadlines, or accountability -- self-organizing, informal, eg alitarian "communities of practice" that form spontaneously when people are doing the same job. You'll keep them if to try to formalize them, by establishing bureaucratic meetings to "get everyone up to speed." But yo u'll expand their usefulness to the organization if you create conditions that will give rise to NEW communities of prac tice to tackle unsolved problems. You can do this by bringing people together from different parts of the organization. In one case, an organizational consultant (an anthropologist) "found that different departments involved in the p rocess never communicated informally, didn't understand one another's roles and needs or solve problems together." But when the workers were put together in the same room, new informal groups
developed around various tasks, leading to a full-fledged community of practice that generated a steady stream of probl em-solving ideas. (Thomas A. Stewart, "The Invisible Key To Success," Fortune 5 Aug 96 p173)

CONSULTANT IN A CAN
±ä±ÞÇÑ ¹®Á¦¿¡ Á÷¸éÇÑ È¸»ç, ƯÈ÷ À繫Àû ¾÷¹«Ã³¸®¿¡ °ü·ÃµÈ ¹®Á¦¿¡ Á÷¸éÇÑ È¸»ç¿¡¼­ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ Àü¹®°¡ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ »ç¶÷¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ÀÚ¹® º¸´Ù ´õ ºü¸£°í °ª½Î°í ´õ ´±·üÀûÀÎ °æ¿ì°¡ Á¾Á¾ÀÖ´Ù. °¨»ç¸¦ Çϰí, °Å·¡¸¦ ¼±º°ÇØ ³»°í, ½Å¿ëÀ» ºÎ¿©Çϰí, ¼ÓÀÓÀ» ã¾Æ³»´Â µî Àº Àü¹®°¡ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ´õ¿í È¿°úÀûÀÌ´Ù. "¸¸ÀÏ ´ç½ÅÀÌ Ã³ÇÑ ¹®Á¦¸¸ Á¤È®È÷ ¾È´Ù¸é, Àü¹®°¡ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡¼­ ÇØ°áÃ¥À» À绡¸® ±¸ÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ´ç½ÅÀÌ ÇÏ´Â ÀÏÀ» ¸ð¸¥´Ù¸é, ¸¹Àº ½Ã°£°ú µ·À» ³¶ºñÇÏ°í ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ ´äÀ» ±¸ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÒ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù." Çϰí Allen Wolpert¶ó´Â Anderson ConsultingÀÇ °æ¿µÀÚ¹®ÀÎÀº ¸»Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù. Àü¹®°¡ ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡´Â ¼¼°¡Áö Á¾·ù°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ±ÔÄ¢ Áß½ÉÇü(rule -based), »ç·Ê Áß½ÉÇü(case-based), ½Å°æ¸ÁÇü(neural network)ÀÌ´Ù. ±ÔÄ¢ Áß½ÉÇü Àü¹®°¡½Ã½ºÅÛÀº °¡Àå º¸ÆíÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î¼­ °¢±â ´Ù¸¥ ½Ã³ª¸®¿À Àü°³¿¡ µû¸¥ ¿¹Ãø°ú È®·üÀ» ´Ù·é´Ù. »ç·ÊÁß½ÉÇü ½Ã½ºÅÛÀº °æÇè¿¡ ±âÃʸ¦ µÎ°í¼­ ¼±·ÊÁß½ÉÀÇ »ý°¢Àü°³¿¡ ÀûÇÕÇÏ´Ù. ÆÐÅÏ ÀνÄÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ½Å°æ¸Á ½Ã½ºÅÛ(¿ªÀÚ ÁÖ: Ä«µå ¼ÒºñÀÚÀÇ Ä«µå »ç¿ë ÆÐÅÏ)Àº "ÇÑ ´Þ Á¤µµ ÀڷḦ ÀÔ·ÂÇÏ¸é ½º½º·Î °á·Ð À» ³»¸± ¼ö ÀְԵȴÙ. Wolpert´Â Àü¹®°¡½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» ¿Ã¹Ù·Î »ç¿ëÇÏ·Á¸é, ÇØ°áÇÏ·Á°í ÇÏ´Â ¹®Á¦¸¦ Àß ¾Ë¾Æ¾ßÇÑ´Ù°í Ãæ°íÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. Àü¹®°¡½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ±ÔÄ¢(rules)À» ¾Ë°í, °á°ú°¡ ¾Ë·ÁÁø ÀڷḦ ¸¹ÀÌ °®°í ÀÖ¾î¾ßÇϸç, ÃæºÐÇÑ ½ÃÇè ¿î¿µÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ½Ã½ºÅÛ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ½Å ·Ú°¡ ÀÖ¾î¾ßÇÑ´Ù. Wolpert´Â Àü¹®°¡ ½Ã½ºÅÛÀ» °³º°ÀûÀ¸·Î, µ¶¸³µÈ ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ ¼­¹ö¿¡¼­ ¿î¿µÇϰí, Ç׽à »ç¿ëÀÌ °¡´ÉÇϵµ·Ï "ÄÚ ³Ê¿¡ ´ë±âÇϰí ÀÖ´Â Àü¹®°¡" ó·³ »ç¿ëÇ϶ó°í Ãæ°íÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.
Companies with pressing problems, especially those that involve financial operations, are finding that expert systems s oftware often can perform functions better, faster and cheaper than their human consultant counterparts. Doing audits, screening transactions, granting credit and ferreting out fraud all are functions that can be accomplished very satisfac torily using expert systems. "If you understand the problem you want to solve, you can get the answer quickly usin g expert systems," says Allen Wolpert, a managing partner with Andersen Consulting. But if you don't know what you 're doing, "you can spend a lot of time and money and never get the right answer," he warns. Three types of e xpert systems are available: rule-based, case-based and neural networks. Rule-based systems are the most common, and c ome in handy when dealing with probabilities and making predictions based on different scenarios. Case-based systems re ly on experience, and are good for precedent-based reasoning. Neural networks work using pattern recognition - "Af ter you `feed them' for a month, they come up with their own conclusions," says Wolpert, who suggests that to use e xpert systems successfully, you need to know what the problem is you're trying to solve; know the relevant expert system 's rules; have a large body of data with known outcomes; and have confidence in the system borne out of extensive testin g. Wolpert recommends running the software on a separate, dedicated server, sort of as an "expert in the corner, " available at all times. (Investor's Business Daily 8 Aug 96)

>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>INNOVATIONS
CALLER-ID ONLINE
½ºÄÚÆ²·£µå¿¡ º»»ç¸¦ µÐ Nova Inf InterActive¶ó´Â ȸ»ç´Â »ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ¸ÞÀÏÀ» üũÇϰųª À¥À» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â µµÁß¿¡ µµÂøÇÏ´Â ¸ÞÀÏÀ» ÀÚµ¿À¸·Î ¼±º°ÇØÁִ ƯÇã±â¼úÀº °³¹ßÇß´Ù. ÀÌ ÀÎÅÍ³Ý ÀüÈ­ ¼ö½Å°ü¸® ±â¼úÀº ÀüÈ­¼± ÇÑ °³·Î À½¼ºÀüÈ­¿Í ÀÎÅÍ³Ý Á¢¼ÓÀ» °ø¿ëÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇϰí ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ÀûÇÕÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ±â¼úÀº ¼ö½ÅµÇ´Â ÀüÈ­ÀÇ ¹ß½Å ÀüÈ­¹øÈ£¸¦ Ç¥½ÃÇØÁÖ°í, ÀüÈ­¸¦ ¹Þ´øÁö, ´Ù¸¥ °÷À¸ ·Î ¿¬°á ½ÃÄÑ ÁÖ´øÁö, ¾Æ´Ï¸é À½¼º »ç¼­ÇÔÀ¸·Î ¿¬°á½ÃÄÑÁÖ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ Ưº°ÇÑ Çϵå¿þ¾î³ª ¼ÒÇÁÆ®¿þ¾î´Â ÇÊ¿ä¾ø°í, ÀÎÅÍ³Ý ¼­ºñ ½º Á¦°ø¾÷ÀÚ°¡ ÀÌ ±â¼úÀ» ±¸ÀÔÇϰųª, Àüȭȸ»ç°¡ ÀÌ ±â¼úÀÇ »ç¿ë±ÇÀ» ¾ò¾î¼­ ¼­ºñ½º¸¦ Á¦°øÇÒ ¼öÀÖ´Ù.
A patent-pending technology created by Nova Scotia-based Info InterActive enables online users to screen calls that com e in while they're processing e-mail or surfing the Web. The Internet Call Manager is targeted at people who share a ph one line for voice and data purposes, and don't want to bother with a second line. The technology displays the number o f an incoming call and allows the user to either take the call, forward it elsewhere, or send
it to a voice mailbox. No extra hardware or software is necessary, and the service must be ordered from the user's Int ernet service provider or a phone company that licenses the technology. (Interactive Age Digital 5 Aug 96)

ZEN AND THE ART OF VIDEOGAMING
Áö±Ý±îÁö ºñµð¿À °ÔÀÓÀº ¿©·¯ Á¾·ùÀÇ ÀûÀ̳ª ¿Ü°èÀÎÀ» Ãĺμö´Â °¡»ó Æø·Â¹°À̾ú´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÃÖ±Ù¿¡´Â ¸¶À½À» ÁøÁ¤½ÃÄÑÁÖ´Â °ÔÀÓ À» °í¾ÈÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÀϺ»ÀÇ Artdink¶ó´Â ȸ»ç°¡ ¸¸µç Aquanaut Holiday¶ó´Â °ÔÀÓÀº ´º¿¡ÀÌÁö À½¾Ç°ú ÇÔ²² ¹Ù´Ù¹Ø °è°îÀ» Àá¼öÇÔÀ¸ ·Î Ç×ÇØÇÏ´Â °ÔÀÓÀ¸·Î ¸¶À½À» ÁøÁ¤½ÃÄÑÁÖ´Â °ÔÀÓÀÌ´Ù. ÀϺ»¿¡¼­ À۳⿡ ÃÖ°í ÆÇ¸Å¸¦ ±â·ÏÇÑ ÀÌ °ÔÀÓ¿¡´Â °¡¶ó¾ÉÀº ¹è, °í´ë À¯¹° , º¸¹°µéÀÌ ¹Ù´Ù ¹Ù´Ú¿¡ ´Ã·Á ÀÖ°í, 100Á¾ÀÌ ³Ñ´Â ¹°°í±âµéÀÌ ¶° ´Ù´Ñ´Ù. °í±Þ Ç÷¹¿¡¾îµéÀº ¹Ù´Ù¿¡ ¸ð·¡ÅéÀ» ½×À» ¼öµµ ÀÖ°í ÇØ Àú µ¿¹°µé°ú ±³½ÅÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¾ð¾î¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î³¾ ¼öµµ ÀÖ°Ô ¼³°èµÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù.
While video games to date have focused on virtual violence - shooting, exploding and otherwise obliterating a wide asso rtment of enemy or alien opponents - now the industry is looking at games that provide a more soothing experience. Aqua naut Holiday, designed for the Sony PlayStation by Japan-based Artdink, plays a relaxing, New Age soundtrack while playe rs navigate a submarine through an underwater marine canyon. The game, last year's top selling PlayStation title in Jap an, features sunken ships, ancient ruins and treasures scattered across the virtual sea floor and more than 100 species of fish that float by. More advanced players can build reefs and design an underwater language to attract sea creatures .
(Investor's Business Daily 12 Aug 96 A6)

DEMETER PUTS HARVESTING ON AUTOPILOT
Ä«³×±â¸á·Ð ´ëÇÐÀÇ NASA ·Îº¿ °øÇÐ ÄÁ¼Ò½Ã¿ò¿¡¼­´Â New Holland¶ó´Â ȸ»çÀÇ ¿äûÀ¸·Î Demeter(¿ªÀÚ ÁÖ:³ó¾÷À» ´ã´çÇÑ ±×¸®À̽º ¿©½Å)¶ó°í ºÒ¸®´Â ³ó°æ ·Îº¿À» °³¹ßÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌ ·Îº¿Àº ͏®Æ÷´Ï¾Æ¿¡¼­ alfalfa ¼öÈ®¿¡ ÀÌ¿ëµÉ ¿¹Á¤ÀÌ´Ù. Demeter´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ ¿îÀü ÇÏ´Â ¼öÈ®±â°èº¸´Ù ½Ã°£´ç 6-10¸¶ÀÏ ´õ ºü¸£°Ô ¿îÇàÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ¿îÀü¼ö ¾øÀÌ ¹ã³·À¸·Î ÀÛµ¿ÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ ·Îº¿Àº Àΰø ´«À» ÀåÂøÇϰí, ÀΰøÀ§¼º°úÀÇ ±³½ÅÀ¸·Î ÇöÀç À§Ä¡¸¦ È®ÀÎÇØ °¡¸é¼­ À̶ûÀ» µû¶ó°¥ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ¼³°èµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. New Hollandȸ»ç´Â ±âÁ¸ ¼öÈ®±â°è¿¡ $5000À» ÅõÀÚÇÏ¸é ºÎÂøÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» ÆÇ¸ÅÇÒ ¿¹Á¤À̸ç, 2-3³â³»¿¡ ¿ÏÀü ÀÚµ¿ ¼öÈ® ·Îº¿À» °³¹ßÇÒ ¿¹Á¤¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
An agricultural robot known as Demeter, developed by Carnegie Mellon University's NASA Robotics Engineering Consortium for New Holland North America Inc., is heading out to California to take the blood, sweat and toil out of harvesting alf alfa. Demeter is designed to cruise along, driverless, at 10 mph, 6 mph faster than a harvester powered by a skilled fa rmer. And unlike a human operator, Demeter can work night and day without tiring. The
device uses artificial vision to follow rows, while monitoring its location with the help of global-positioning satelli tes. New Holland plans to market a $5,000 retrofit that improves the yields of conventional harvesters next year, and t hen hopes to introduce a fully robotic version in a couple of years. (Business Week 12 Aug 96 p83)

NEW DIMENSIONS IN YELLOW PAGES
À¥ ÁÖ¼Ò·ÏÀ» ÃâÆÇÇϰí ÀÖ´Â BigBookÀº Áö¸®Àû À§Ä¡¿¡ µû¶ó Á¤º¸¸¦ Àç»ýÇÏ´Â 3Â÷¿ø °ø°£ Ç¥ÇöÀ¸·Î ÀüȯÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ÃÖÃÊ 3Â÷¿ø ½Ã Çè Áö¿ªÀº »÷ÇÁ¶õ ½Ã½ºÄÚÀ̸ç, »ç¿ëÀÚ´Â µµ½ÃÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä Ç¥½Ã¹°°ú ±× ÁÖº¯À» º¼ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ƯÁ¤ ºí·ÏÀ» È®´ëÇØ¼­ »ó°¡³ª ·¹½ºÅä¶ûÀ» ãÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.< ¾Æ·¡ http:// ÁÖ¼Ò ÂüÁ¶>
Web yellow page publisher BigBook is turning to 3-D listings to display its information in a geographic context. The i nitial 3-D site is San Francisco, where users can view familiar city landmarks and neighborhoods, and zoom in on specifi c blocks to locate nearby merchants and restaurants. < http://www.bigbook.com > (Interactive Age Digital 6 Aug 9 6)
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